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Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental condition that affects how a person communicates and interacts with the world around them. Recognising,testing and diagnosing autism early is important for accessing appropriate support and interventions. These can significantly enhance the quality of life for individuals on the spectrum. 

Understanding the process of autism testing can help demystify what can often be a daunting journey for individuals and their families, paving the way for timely and effective support. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how autism is tested, addressing common questions and concerns. 

If you are wondering whether you or an adult close to you may be autistic, check out our article on What are the 3 Main Symptoms of Autism in Adults? Or contact us if you are looking for private autism testing in Oxford.

How Do You Test for Autism?

Testing for autism involves a comprehensive assessment process designed to gather detailed information about an individual’s developmental history, behaviour, and communication skills. This process is typically conducted by a team of healthcare professionals, including psychologists, psychiatrists, paediatricians, and speech and language therapists. Here is an overview of the general testing process and the different types of assessments used:

Initial Consultation and Developmental Screening

The process often begins with an initial consultation where a healthcare professional discusses the individual’s developmental history and current concerns with parents or caregivers. During this consultation, developmental screening tools may be used to identify potential signs of autism. These screenings are crucial for determining whether further evaluation is necessary.

Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation

If screening results suggest the possibility of autism, a more comprehensive diagnostic evaluation is conducted. This evaluation includes detailed interviews with parents or caregivers, direct observation of the individual’s behaviour, and various standardised tests. The goal is to gather a thorough understanding of the individual’s strengths and challenges.

Multi-Disciplinary Approach

A multi-disciplinary team may be involved to provide a well-rounded assessment. This team can include psychologists, psychiatrists, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists, each contributing their expertise to the diagnosis. This collaborative approach ensures that all aspects of the individual’s development are considered. We’ll cover this in more detail below:

Different Types of Assessments Used

The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves a variety of assessments to evaluate different aspects of an individual’s development and behaviour. These assessments are required for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the person’s strengths and challenges. In this section, we will discuss the different types of assessments used, including standardised tools and observational methods, that help professionals accurately diagnose ASD.

Developmental Screening Tools

Developmental screening tools such as the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) are essential components in the early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These tools help detect potential developmental delays and identify children who may need further evaluation.

Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)

Administration: The M-CHAT is a parent-completed questionnaire designed for children between 16 and 30 months of age. Parents answer a series of yes/no questions about their child’s behaviour and development.

Process: Parents fill out the questionnaire, which takes about 5-10 minutes.

Parent Involvement: Parents play a key role in this screening as they provide insights into their child’s behaviour. They can accompany their child during the visit, allowing them to observe any behaviours mentioned in the questionnaire.

Follow-Up: If the results indicate a risk for autism, the healthcare provider may recommend a follow-up interview or a more comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.

Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ):

Administration: The ASQ is a set of questionnaires used to monitor developmental progress in children from 1 month to 5½ years old. It covers areas such as communication, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, problem-solving, and personal-social skills.

Process: Parents or caregivers complete the ASQ at home or in the healthcare provider’s office. Each questionnaire takes about 10-15 minutes to complete and is tailored to the child’s age.

Parent Involvement: Parents are integral to the ASQ process, providing detailed information about their child’s day-to-day activities and behaviours. They can complete the ASQ in a comfortable setting, ensuring accurate responses.

Follow-Up: Based on the ASQ results, healthcare providers can determine if a child is developing typically or if there are areas that need further assessment or intervention.

Both M-CHAT and ASQ rely heavily on parental or guardian input, making parents’ and guardians’ involvement vital for accurate screening. Parents are not only allowed but encouraged to accompany their children during the administration of these tools. This presence ensures that the child feels comfortable and that the parents can provide real-time observations and clarifications if needed. Additionally, it helps build a collaborative relationship between the parents and healthcare providers, facilitating early and effective intervention when necessary.

Standardised Diagnostic Tools

Standardised diagnostic tools play a crucial role in the assessment process. These tools provide structured and reliable methods to evaluate various aspects of an individual’s development, behaviour, and communication. 

Two widely used standardised diagnostic tools are the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R).

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a structured assessment of communication, social interaction, and play for individuals suspected of having autism.

Administration: ADOS is a structured assessment used to evaluate individuals suspected of having autism, ranging from children to adults. It involves direct interaction through a series of activities and tasks designed to elicit behaviours related to communication, social interaction, and play (in children) or other social activities (in adults).

Process: Conducted by trained professionals such as psychologists, speech therapists, or psychiatrists, the ADOS consists of several modules tailored to different age groups and developmental levels. The assessment usually takes place in a clinical setting, where the professional observes and records the individual’s responses and behaviours during the structured tasks. The sessions can range from 30 to 60 minutes.

Parent or Caregiver Involvement: For children, parents are often present during the assessment to provide comfort and support if needed. Their observations and input may also be sought to complement the findings. For adults, input from caregivers or significant others can be valuable, especially in understanding the individual’s developmental history and current social functioning.

Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)

The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a detailed parent interview that focuses on the child’s developmental history and current behaviours related to autism.

Administration: ADI-R is a comprehensive, semi-structured interview conducted with the parents or caregivers of the individual being assessed. This detailed interview focuses on the individual’s developmental history and current behaviours related to autism.

Process: The interview is typically conducted by a trained clinician and can take between 1.5 to 2.5 hours. It covers various domains, including language and communication, reciprocal social interactions, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviours.

Parent or Caregiver Involvement: Parents or caregivers are the primary respondents in the ADI-R interview. Their detailed accounts of the individual’s early development, as well as current behaviours, are critical to the diagnostic process. This tool relies heavily on their observations and insights, making their involvement essential.

Both ADOS and ADI-R are integral to the diagnostic process for ASD, providing a comprehensive picture of the individual’s developmental and behavioural profile. These standardised tools help ensure that the diagnosis is thorough and based on consistent criteria, facilitating appropriate support and interventions for the individual and their family.

Behavioural and Psychological Evaluations

Behavioural and psychological evaluations are essential components of the autism testing process in the UK. These assessments provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual’s cognitive abilities, behavioural patterns, and psychological functioning, which are crucial for accurate diagnosis and tailored intervention planning.

Cognitive Testing

Cognitive testing assesses cognitive functioning and helps identify any intellectual disabilities. 

Examples: The British Ability Scales (BAS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) are commonly used to assess cognitive functioning in children. For adults, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is often used.

Purpose: These tests measure various cognitive domains, including verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed. Cognitive testing helps identify any intellectual disabilities and provides insight into the individual’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Process: During the assessment, the individual completes a series of tasks and questions designed to evaluate different cognitive skills. The results are scored and interpreted by a trained psychologist, providing a detailed cognitive profile.

Behavioural Assessments

Behavioural assessments involve observations and checklists to evaluate social, communicative, and repetitive behaviours characteristic of autism.

Examples: The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) are widely used in the UK for both children and adults. The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3Di) is another tool used to assess autism spectrum disorders.

Purpose: These assessments involve systematic observations and structured interviews to evaluate social interactions, communication skills, and repetitive behaviours characteristic of autism. They help quantify the severity of these behaviours and provide a basis for comparison over time.

Process: Behavioural assessments may include direct observation of the individual in various settings, structured tasks, and interviews with parents or caregivers to gather comprehensive information about the individual’s behaviour and developmental history.

By using these standardised cognitive and behavioural assessments, professionals in the UK can ensure a thorough and accurate diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, leading to effective and personalised support and interventions for individuals and their families.

Speech and Language Assessments

Speech and language assessments are conducted by speech and language therapists to evaluate communication skills, language development, and social interaction abilities. These assessments help determine the level of support needed to enhance communication and interaction skills.

By combining information from these various assessments, healthcare professionals can make a well-informed diagnosis and develop a tailored intervention plan to support the individual’s needs.

Examples of Speech and Language Assessments:

1. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF):

Purpose: The CELF assesses a range of language skills in children and adolescents, including receptive and expressive language, language content, structure, and memory.

Process: The assessment involves a series of subtests where the child responds to questions, follows instructions, and completes language tasks. The therapist scores the responses to identify language strengths and weaknesses.

2. Preschool Language Scales (PLS)

Purpose: The PLS is used for younger children to assess their auditory comprehension and expressive communication skills.

Process: The assessment involves play-based activities where the therapist interacts with the child to evaluate their understanding and use of language. It includes tasks such as naming objects, following instructions, and using language in social interactions.

3. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Purpose: The PPVT measures receptive vocabulary skills and helps determine how well an individual understands spoken words.

Process: The individual is shown a series of pictures and asked to point to the picture that corresponds to a word spoken by the therapist. This helps assess their vocabulary comprehension.

4. Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (PLSI)

Purpose: The PLSI evaluates pragmatic language skills, which involve the use of language in social contexts.

Process: The assessment involves parent or teacher questionnaires and direct observation to assess how the individual uses language in everyday social interactions. It looks at aspects such as turn-taking, initiating conversations, and understanding social cues.

By combining information from these various assessments, healthcare professionals in the UK can make a well-informed diagnosis and develop a tailored intervention plan to support the individual’s needs. These assessments provide a comprehensive picture of the individual’s communication abilities and guide the development of targeted support strategies to enhance their communication and interaction skills.

Accuracy and Reliability of Autism Tests

The accuracy and reliability of autism tests have improved significantly over the years, thanks to ongoing research and advancements in diagnostic methodologies. Screening tools like the M-CHAT and ASQ are highly effective in identifying children who may need further evaluation. However, they are not diagnostic and should be followed up with comprehensive assessments.

Diagnostic tools such as ADOS and ADI-R are considered highly reliable and valid for diagnosing autism. They are extensively researched and validated to ensure they accurately identify autism across different ages and developmental levels. The combination of various assessments helps provide a well-rounded understanding of the individual’s strengths and challenges, leading to a more accurate diagnosis.

Wst can definitively diagnose autism, a combination of screening tools, diagnostic tests, and professional evaluations provides a robust framework for accurate and reliable identification of autism. This comprehensive approach ensures that individuals receive the appropriate support and interventions tailored to their unique needs.

The Role of Healthcare Professionals in Autism Testing

Diagnosing autism involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals who each play an important role in assessing and understanding the individual’s needs. This collaborative approach ensures a comprehensive and accurate diagnosis, enabling tailored interventions and support strategies.

Professionals Involved in the Diagnostic Process

Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) requires the expertise of a diverse team of professionals. Each specialist brings a unique perspective and set of skills to ensure a thorough and accurate assessment. 

This collaborative approach helps in understanding the individual’s developmental history, behaviour, and communication abilities, ultimately leading to a comprehensive diagnosis. In this section, we will explore the roles of the key professionals involved in the diagnostic process.

Psychologists

Psychologists are often at the forefront of the diagnostic process for autism. They conduct detailed behavioural assessments and use standardised diagnostic tools such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (we’ll talk about these tests in more depth later). 

Psychologists evaluate cognitive functioning, social interactions, and communication skills, providing critical insights into the individual’s developmental profile. Their expertise in interpreting behavioural patterns and psychological tests is essential for an accurate diagnosis.

Psychiatrists

Psychiatrists specialise in the medical and psychological aspects of autism. They conduct comprehensive evaluations to rule out other conditions that may mimic autism symptoms, such as anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other developmental disorders. 

Psychiatrists can prescribe medications to manage co-occurring conditions if necessary, and they play a vital role in providing ongoing mental health support. Their medical training enables them to consider the broader health implications of an autism diagnosis.

Paediatricians and GPs

Paediatricians and GPs are often the first point of contact for parents concerned about their child’s development. They perform initial developmental screenings and refer children to specialists for further evaluation. 

Paediatricians and GPs monitor the child’s overall health and development, ensuring that any concerns about autism are addressed promptly. They coordinate care with other professionals and provide essential support and guidance to families throughout the diagnostic process.

Speech and Language Therapists

Speech and language therapists assess and diagnose communication disorders associated with autism. They evaluate the individual’s speech, language, and social communication skills. Their assessments help determine the level of support needed to improve communication abilities. 

Speech and language therapists also provide targeted interventions to enhance language development and social interaction skills, which are often areas of difficulty for individuals with autism.

Occupational Therapists

Occupational therapists play a key role in assessing and supporting the individual’s functional abilities. They evaluate motor skills, sensory processing, and daily living skills. Occupational therapists develop intervention plans to improve fine and gross motor skills, sensory integration, and independence in daily activities. Their work is vital for enhancing the overall quality of life and functional independence of individuals with autism.

Educational Psychologists

Educational psychologists focus on the impact of autism on learning and academic performance. They conduct assessments in educational settings to identify the individual’s learning strengths and challenges. Educational psychologists collaborate with teachers and school staff to develop tailored educational plans and accommodations that support the child’s learning and inclusion in the classroom.

The Importance of Awareness and Early Intervention

Awareness of autism and its early signs is critical in ensuring timely diagnosis and intervention. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) manifests uniquely in each individual, but common early signs include difficulties with social interactions, challenges in communication, and repetitive behaviours. Recognising these signs early can lead to a prompt assessment, which is the first step in accessing the necessary support and resources.

Benefits of Early Diagnosis

Early intervention is paramount for individuals diagnosed with autism. Research consistently shows that the earlier the intervention begins, the better the outcomes in terms of development and quality of life [1-3]. Early intervention can include various therapies such as speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and behavioural interventions tailored to the individual’s needs.

Early diagnosis of autism allows for the timely implementation of tailored interventions and support strategies. Identifying autism early in a child’s development enables parents and caregivers to understand their child’s needs better and seek appropriate resources. These services might include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and behavioural interventions. 

Each of these therapies plays a crucial role in addressing specific areas of need, such as improving communication skills, enhancing motor skills, and managing behavioural issues. This early understanding helps in creating an environment that fosters the child’s growth and development, reducing the frustrations that may arise from unmet needs.

Moreover, early diagnosis and intervention can reduce the long-term impact of autism by addressing challenges before they become more ingrained. Educational strategies can be tailored to create supportive learning environments that accommodate sensory sensitivities and encourage positive social interactions. It allows for the implementation of educational and therapeutic plans that accommodate the child’s unique learning style, fostering a supportive environment for growth. This personalised approach not only helps in academic achievement but also in social integration and emotional wellbeing.

Furthermore, early diagnosis and intervention provide crucial support to families. Parents and caregivers gain access to training and resources that equip them with the skills needed to support their child effectively. They also become part of a community of professionals and other families who understand their journey, offering emotional support and practical advice.

By identifying autism early, families can access targeted support and interventions that significantly improve developmental outcomes. At Oxford CBT, we are committed to raising awareness and providing support to ensure that every individual has the opportunity to thrive.

How Do I Know If I’m Autistic?

Recognising the signs and symptoms of autism can be the first step towards understanding yourself or a loved one better. While only a professional can provide a formal diagnosis, being aware of common signs and utilising self-assessment tools can help you determine whether you should seek a comprehensive evaluation.

Signs and Symptoms to Look Out For

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents differently in each individual, but there are common signs and symptoms to be aware of. These can be broadly categorised into difficulties with social interaction, communication challenges, and repetitive behaviours or restricted interests.

In terms of social interaction difficulties, individuals with autism often face challenges in understanding social cues, such as facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. They might also exhibit limited eye contact, avoiding it or finding it uncomfortable. 

Forming and maintaining relationships can be difficult, with some individuals struggling to make friends or preferring to be alone. Additionally, there might be a lack of shared enjoyment, such as not sharing interests or achievements with others.

When it comes to communication challenges, delayed speech and language skills are common, including late development of speech or language, or not speaking at all. Some individuals might engage in repetitive use of language, repeating phrases or sentences, a behaviour known as echolalia. There may be difficulty in starting or maintaining a conversation, or speaking in a monotone voice. Unusual language patterns can also be observed, such as using words in an unconventional way or having a very literal understanding of language.

Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests are another hallmark of autism. These can include repetitive movements like hand-flapping, rocking, or spinning. A strong preference for routines is often noted, with individuals having difficulty coping with changes. Intense interests are also typical, with a deep, narrow focus on specific topics or activities. Sensory sensitivities are common as well, where individuals might over- or under-react to sensory stimuli such as lights, sounds, textures, or smells.

Self-Assessment Tools and Resources

While self-assessment tools cannot replace a professional diagnosis, they can be a useful starting point. Online screening questionnaires like the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) are widely used to measure autistic traits in adults. 

The RAADS-R (Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised) is another self-rating scale that helps identify autism in adults, particularly those who might have been overlooked. For parents assessing autistic traits in children, the CAST (Childhood Autism Spectrum Test) can be helpful.

In addition to online tools, there are many books and articles that provide valuable insights into autism. “The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome” by Tony Attwood is a comprehensive guide that provides extensive information on autism spectrum conditions. “Uniquely Human: A Different Way of Seeing Autism” by Barry Prizant offers a positive and practical perspective on understanding autism.

If you recognise several signs of autism in yourself or a loved one, the next step is to consult a healthcare professional. A General Practitioner (GP) can provide initial guidance and refer you to specialists for a comprehensive assessment.

Understanding the signs and symptoms of autism and using self-assessment tools can guide you in seeking the appropriate support and professional evaluation. Early recognition and diagnosis are crucial for accessing tailored interventions and improving quality of life. At Oxford CBT, we are dedicated to supporting individuals and families through this journey, providing expert guidance and compassionate care.

How Do You Get Checked If You Are Autistic?

If you suspect that you or your child might be autistic, taking the appropriate steps towards diagnosis is crucial for accessing the necessary support and interventions. Here is a detailed guide on what to do if you have these concerns:

Steps to Take If You Suspect You or Your Child Might Be Autistic

The first step is to observe and note any behaviours or developmental differences that raise concerns. Common signs of autism include difficulties with social interactions, communication challenges, repetitive behaviours, and unusual responses to sensory stimuli. Documenting these observations can be helpful when discussing your concerns with a healthcare professional.

Next, consider using reputable online screening tools designed to identify potential signs of autism. These tools, such as the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) for young children, can provide initial insights into whether further evaluation is warranted.

Seeking Professional Advice and Initial Consultations

Once you have gathered your observations, the next step is to seek professional advice. Schedule an appointment with your General Practitioner (GP) or a paediatrician, who can provide an initial evaluation and refer you to specialists if necessary. During this initial consultation, the healthcare professional will discuss your concerns, review your observations, and possibly use preliminary screening tools to assess the likelihood of autism.

If the GP or paediatrician believes that a more detailed assessment is needed, they will refer you to a specialist or a multi-disciplinary team for a comprehensive evaluation. This team may include psychologists, psychiatrists, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists, who will work together to provide a thorough assessment.

It is also beneficial to seek support from local autism organisations and support groups. These resources can offer guidance on the diagnostic process, provide information about what to expect, and connect you with other individuals and families who have gone through similar experiences.

By taking these steps and seeking professional advice, you can ensure that you or your child receives the appropriate assessment and support needed to address any challenges related to autism. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes and enhancing quality of life.

Nurturing Relationships and Support Systems

Importance of Support from Family, Friends, and Community

Support from family, friends, and community is crucial for individuals with autism and their families. This support can significantly improve emotional well-being, provide practical assistance, and enhance social integration. Emotional support helps reduce stress and anxiety, while practical support can include assistance with daily tasks, access to services, and participation in community activities. Social support fosters a sense of belonging and reduces feelings of isolation.

Available Resources and Support Groups

General Resources

1. Autism Speaks: Offers a comprehensive resource guide, information on autism, and various support options.

2. The National Autistic Society: Provides a range of services including information, advice, and support for individuals with autism and their families.

Support Groups

1. Online Support Groups: Numerous forums and social media groups offer virtual support and advice from peers. 

2.  Local Support Groups: Many communities have local groups of national organisations or independent support groups providing regular meetings and events for networking and support.

Resources and Support Groups in the Oxford Area

1. Oxford CBT: Our local clinic providing private autism assessments and diagnosis, coaching and counselling. We also offer counselling services and resources for individuals and families.

2. OASIS (Oxford Autism Support and Information Service): A parent-led support group offering advice, information, and support for families affected by autism. They hold regular meetings and activities.

3. Autism Family Support Oxfordshire: Provides support and services for children and young people with autism and their families, including one-to-one support, family events, and training workshops.

These resources and support systems play a vital role in helping individuals with autism and their families navigate the challenges and celebrate the successes associated with autism.

Conclusion

Understanding how autism is diagnosed is crucial for early intervention and support. The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically involves a combination of developmental screenings, comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, and input from a multidisciplinary team of professionals. 

Key points in diagnosing autism include developmental screenings, comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, and a multidisciplinary approach. Initial screenings by paediatricians or general practitioners are used to identify potential developmental delays. If concerns arise, comprehensive diagnostic evaluations are conducted by various specialists, such as psychologists, neurologists, and speech therapists, using standardised tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). 

This multidisciplinary approach ensures a thorough and accurate diagnosis by considering the individual’s developmental history, behaviour, and communication skills, and involves input from a range of professionals.

If you or someone you know is concerned about autism, it’s important to seek professional help. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve outcomes and provide necessary support.

Oxford CBT is dedicated to supporting individuals and families affected by autism. We offer comprehensive assessments, personalised interventions, and ongoing support to help overcome challenges and enhance the quality of life for those on the autism spectrum.

References

1. Smith, T. (2006). Outcome of Early Intervention for Children With Autism. Clinical Psychology-science and Practice, 6, 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/CLIPSY.6.1.33 .

2. A Randomised Controlled Trial of Two Early Intervention Programs for Young Children with Autism: Centre-Based with Parent Program and Home-Based. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 1553-1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RASD.2011.03.001 .

3. Daniolou, S., Pandis, N., & Znoj, H. (2022). The Efficacy of Early Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175100 .

Author – Tom Murfitt

With over a decade’s experience in providing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Tom has worked in both the NHS and private sector to help adults and children to overcome a range of difficulties and improve their mental wellbeing. In addition to being an experienced CBT therapist, Tom is also an accredited Mindfulness teacher, providing courses locally, in businesses and schools. You can read more about us here

DISCLAIMER: The information provided in this article is intended for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The products and methods mentioned are not a substitute for professional medical advice from a trained healthcare specialist. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Use of the information and products discussed is at your own risk.

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