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Autism is a diverse and complex condition that affects people in unique ways. You may have heard terms like “high-functioning autism,” “Asperger’s,” or “severe autism,” and wondered how they fit into the broader autism spectrum. While no two autistic individuals are the same, understanding the different types of autism can provide valuable insights into how it presents and how support can be tailored to individual needs.

In this article, we’ll explore the various ways autism is classified, from commonly recognised types like Asperger’s to broader categories that include different presentations in adults, girls, and toddlers. Whether you’re seeking information for yourself, a loved one, or simply to better understand autism, this guide will help unpack the spectrum and its many forms.

What is Autism and Why Does It Vary?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), is a lifelong developmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact, and experience the world. The term “spectrum” reflects the wide range of traits, behaviours, and challenges associated with autism, making it unique to each individual. These variations can make the path towards assessment and diagnosis lengthy and challenging for many autistic individuals. If you are considering whether yourself or your child may be autistic, but are yet to be formally assessed, we offer Autism Assessments for London, Oxford and the West Midlands. 

The autism spectrum encompasses a diverse array of characteristics. Some people may struggle with verbal communication, while others are highly articulate but face difficulties in social settings. Sensory sensitivities, repetitive behaviours, and intense focus on specific interests are also common traits that vary in intensity across the spectrum.

The spectrum model also recognises that while some autistic individuals may require significant support in daily life, others can live independently with little or no assistance. This diversity makes it clear that autism is not a “one-size-fits-all” condition.

Why Autism Presents Differently in Each Individual

The variations in how autism presents are influenced by several factors, including age, gender, co-occurring conditions, and life experiences. For example, autism may appear differently in girls compared to boys, with girls often masking or compensating for their autistic traits, leading to later diagnoses.

Similarly, adults may present differently than children, with years of learned coping strategies influencing how their autism is expressed. Co-occurring conditions like ADHD, anxiety, or sensory processing disorders can also shape an individual’s experience of autism. If you are an adult considering or preparing for assessment, you may like to read our guide How do they Test for Autism in Adults?

This variation is why understanding autism as a spectrum is so important. It allows us to appreciate the unique strengths and challenges of each individual and tailor support to their specific needs.

What Are the Main Types of Autism?

Historically, autism was divided into distinct subtypes based on how symptoms presented. While these categories are no longer officially used in diagnostic criteria, understanding them can provide insight into the diversity of autism experiences. The main types of autism previously recognised include:

Classic Autism (Autistic Disorder)

Classic autism, or Autistic Disorder, is what most people traditionally associate with autism. Individuals with classic autism often experience significant challenges in communication, social interaction, and behaviour. They may have limited verbal skills, rely on repetitive movements or routines, and exhibit strong sensory sensitivities. Classic autism is often identified in early childhood when delays in speech or social development become apparent.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

PDD-NOS was used as a “catch-all” diagnosis for individuals who didn’t fully meet the criteria for classic autism or Asperger’s but still displayed some characteristics of autism. Often described as “atypical autism,” PDD-NOS covered a wide range of presentations, from mild to more pronounced symptoms. Individuals with PDD-NOS might have milder social or communication difficulties, making it harder to diagnose in childhood.

High-Functioning Autism (Formerly Asperger’s Syndrome)

High-functioning autism, which overlaps with what was previously called Asperger’s Syndrome, refers to individuals who typically have average or above-average intelligence and fewer challenges with verbal communication. Social difficulties, sensory sensitivities, and restricted interests are often present, but speech and cognitive skills are usually not delayed. Many individuals in this group excel in areas of interest and develop strategies to navigate social environments, though they may still face unique challenges.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), also known as Heller’s Syndrome, is a rare and severe form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that typically appears in children after a period of normal development. Unlike other types of autism, CDD is characterised by a significant regression in multiple areas of functioning after at least two years of typical development.

Children with CDD initially develop normally, achieving milestones in language, social interaction, and motor skills. Around the age of 3 to 4 years (though it can occur later), they begin to lose these skills suddenly and dramatically. After the regression, children with CDD exhibit symptoms similar to those of autism, including repetitive behaviours, restricted interests, and sensory sensitivities.

The exact cause of CDD remains unclear, though it is believed to involve genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is a rare but serious condition that highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention. With the right support, children with CDD can be given the tools to adapt and thrive within their unique abilities.

Why These Categories Have Changed

In 2013, the diagnostic criteria shifted, and these subtypes were replaced by the broader term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This change reflects the understanding that autism exists on a continuum rather than in fixed categories. However, terms like “classic autism,” “high-functioning autism,” and “Asperger’s” are still widely used informally to describe different experiences within the spectrum.

Recognising the traits associated with these earlier classifications can help deepen our understanding of the many ways autism presents and the unique strengths and needs of each individual.

What Are the Subtypes of Autism?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a wide range of presentations, and while the official diagnostic criteria no longer separate autism into subtypes, many people find it helpful to use informal terms to describe specific traits or experiences. These broader classifications highlight the diversity within the autism spectrum, providing a clearer understanding of individual strengths and challenges.

Social Communication Disorder

Social communication disorder refers to difficulties with verbal and non-verbal communication that affect social interactions but may not include the repetitive behaviours or restricted interests typical of autism. While it is not officially classified as a subtype of autism, it shares some overlapping characteristics, particularly in social communication challenges.

Autism with Speech Delay

Some autistic individuals experience significant delays in speech development. These individuals may rely on alternative communication methods, such as sign language, speech devices, or gestures, while working to develop verbal skills. For some, speech delay is accompanied by other traits, such as sensory sensitivities or strong reliance on routines.

Sensory Processing Autism

Sensory differences are a common feature of autism, but for some individuals, these differences are particularly pronounced. This informal classification, sometimes referred to as sensory autism, describes individuals who are acutely affected by sensory stimuli, such as loud noises, bright lights, or certain textures. Sensory processing challenges may significantly shape how these individuals navigate the world.

Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)

PDA describes a profile of autism where individuals exhibit an extreme need to resist everyday demands and expectations. This resistance is not defiance but rather a heightened anxiety response to perceived loss of autonomy. People with PDA may exhibit social strategies that mask their autism, making it more challenging to identify and diagnose.

Why Definitions Vary

The variability in how autism is experienced means that definitions and classifications often overlap or differ depending on the perspective of researchers, clinicians, and individuals. While the official diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) captures this diversity, informal terms like sensory autism or PDA provide additional ways to describe and understand specific traits.

These subtypes offer a way to explore and discuss the wide range of experiences within the autism spectrum. They emphasise that every autistic individual is unique and that tailored support is essential to meet their specific needs.

How Autism Differs Across Life Stages

Autism in Toddlers: Early Signs to Watch For

Recognising the early signs of autism in toddlers can help parents and carers provide the right support at a crucial stage of development. Autism presents differently in every child, but understanding the common traits in young children can make it easier to seek a diagnosis and start interventions early.

Types of Autism in Young Children

In toddlers, autism can manifest in a variety of ways, depending on the child’s individual traits and needs. Some children might display behaviours commonly associated with classic autism, such as delays in speech or difficulties with social interaction, while others may show traits of high-functioning autism, including advanced verbal skills but challenges with social cues.

Toddlers with sensory processing challenges might be particularly sensitive to textures, sounds, or lights, avoiding certain environments or becoming upset by unexpected sensory input. Those with autism and speech delay may communicate through gestures or sounds rather than words, showing frustration when they struggle to express their needs.

Common Symptoms in Toddlers and Early Diagnosis

Autism in toddlers often becomes apparent through behaviours and developmental milestones. Some early signs to watch for include:

  • Limited Eye Contact: A toddler may avoid looking directly at people or struggle to maintain eye contact during interactions.
  • Speech Delays: They might not be speaking as much as other children their age or might repeat words and phrases (echolalia) without using them in context.
  • Repetitive Behaviours: Repeatedly spinning objects, lining up toys, or flapping hands may be comforting to the child.
  • Sensory Sensitivities: They might react strongly to loud noises, avoid certain textures, or seem unusually focused on specific sensory experiences.
  • Difficulty Responding to Their Name: A toddler with autism might not react when their name is called, even if their hearing is normal.
  • Challenges with Social Interaction: They might not engage in pretend play, show limited interest in playing with others, or struggle to understand social cues.

Recognising these early signs doesn’t mean rushing to conclusions but rather seeking professional guidance if there are concerns. Early diagnosis can open doors to tailored support and therapies, helping toddlers with autism develop their communication, social, and emotional skills.

As a parent or carer, trusting your instincts and seeking advice if you notice these traits can make a world of difference in your child’s journey. Understanding the unique ways autism presents in toddlers is the first step toward fostering their growth and potential.

Autism in Girls: Why It Can Look Different

Autism often presents differently in girls compared to boys, which can make it harder to recognise. Whether you’re an autistic woman reflecting on your own experiences or someone supporting a girl or woman with autism, understanding these differences is really helpful for fostering empathy and support.

How Autism in Girls Differs from Boys

Girls with autism often display traits that are less stereotypical, making them harder to identify using traditional diagnostic criteria. For example, girls may excel at masking their autistic traits, observing and mimicking social behaviours to fit in. While boys may show more outward signs of autism, like repetitive behaviours or difficulty with social interaction, girls may express their struggles more subtly, such as through anxiety, perfectionism, or intense focus on socially acceptable interests (e.g., animals or books).

Girls are also more likely to form close one-on-one friendships rather than larger social groups, which can hide social challenges. They may work hard to maintain appearances in public but struggle with meltdowns or exhaustion in private. These differences often lead to their autism being misunderstood or overlooked.

Why Some Girls Remain Undiagnosed Until Adulthood

Many girls remain undiagnosed until later in life because their behaviours don’t match the historically male-centric understanding of autism. As a girl, you might have been told you were “shy,” “quirky,” or “sensitive,” rather than having your experiences recognised as autistic traits.

For those who do receive a diagnosis in adulthood, it often comes after years of feeling different or struggling with undiagnosed challenges like anxiety, depression, or burnout. Recognising autism later in life can bring clarity and self-acceptance, but it also highlights the need for more inclusive diagnostic criteria.

Understanding and Supporting Autistic Girls 

Whether you’re a parent, carer, or an autistic girl or woman yourself, recognising the unique ways autism can present in girls is the first step toward better support. Autistic girls and women often have incredible strengths, including empathy, creativity, and deep passion for their interests. By embracing these qualities and addressing the challenges, we can create a world where every autistic girl and woman is seen, understood, and supported.

Autism in Adults: How Different Types Present Later in Life

Whether you’re an autistic adult yourself or someone supporting a loved one, understanding how autism presents in adulthood can be incredibly valuable. Autism doesn’t go away with age, but it often evolves, adapting to new life stages and challenges. Recognising these changes can help autistic individuals embrace their unique strengths and navigate challenges with confidence while empowering supporters to provide meaningful help.

For autistic adults, traits that were present in childhood may become more nuanced or shift in focus. For example, as an autistic person, you might find social interactions exhausting—not because you avoid them entirely, but because reading subtle social cues or maintaining relationships requires extra energy. Sensory sensitivities may remain, prompting you to avoid overstimulating environments like noisy offices or busy restaurants.

From the perspective of someone wanting to help, you might notice that an autistic adult relies on routines or familiar environments to manage sensory challenges and maintain a sense of stability. Differences in communication, such as taking language literally or struggling with vague instructions, can become more apparent in professional or personal settings.

For many adults, diagnosis may come later in life. This could be because traits were masked in childhood, misunderstood, or dismissed—especially for women or individuals with milder presentations. If you’re supporting someone exploring a diagnosis later in life, patience and understanding are key as they come to terms with this new perspective on themselves.

The Challenges and Strengths of Autism in Adulthood

As an autistic adult, navigating the workplace or social environments can feel overwhelming. Masking your autistic traits to fit in might help you avoid misunderstandings but could also lead to burnout or feelings of disconnection. Mental health challenges such as anxiety or depression are common, especially if support systems aren’t in place.

From a supporter’s perspective, recognising these struggles can make a big difference. Offering clarity in communication, being mindful of sensory sensitivities, and respecting boundaries can all help create a more inclusive and supportive environment.

At the same time, autism in adulthood often brings incredible strengths. Autistic adults frequently have a deep focus on their passions, making them skilled problem-solvers or experts in their fields. Honesty, creativity, and a unique perspective can shine in personal relationships and professional settings.

Embracing Autism in Adulthood

Whether you’re autistic or supporting someone who is, recognising the traits of autism in adulthood is a journey toward understanding and acceptance. For autistic individuals, it’s about celebrating strengths, addressing challenges, and creating a life that feels authentic and fulfilling. For supporters, it’s about learning how to provide meaningful assistance while appreciating the individuality of the person you care about.

Together, understanding how autism presents in adulthood can foster connection, respect, and a supportive environment that allows everyone to thrive.

Different Types of Autism and Their Symptoms

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often described as a spectrum because it encompasses a wide range of traits and experiences. However, it’s important to note that autism is not something everyone is “a little bit” on—receiving a diagnosis means there are regular and significant difficulties in key areas of life. While each autistic person has a unique mix of traits, the diagnostic criteria ensure there are some commonalities across all presentations.

Core Traits Present Across All Types of Autism

To receive an autism diagnosis, certain core difficulties must be present. These typically fall into two main categories:

  1. Social Communication and Interaction
    • Struggles with understanding or using non-verbal communication, such as facial expressions, gestures, or tone of voice.
    • Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships, which might include finding social interactions exhausting or confusing.
    • Challenges in understanding social norms or unspoken rules, leading to misunderstandings in personal or professional settings.
  2. Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours or Interests
    • Repeating specific actions or routines, such as lining up objects, hand-flapping, or adhering to strict daily rituals.
    • Intense focus on particular interests, which might become all-consuming or bring immense joy and expertise.
    • Sensory sensitivities, such as being overwhelmed by bright lights, loud noises, certain textures, or even specific tastes or smells.

How Symptoms Vary Across the Spectrum

While these traits are present in all types of autism, how they manifest can vary widely. For example, one person might communicate fluently but struggle with social relationships, while another may rely on alternative communication methods and find comfort in repetitive routines.

The severity and combination of traits differ from person to person. Some individuals may require significant support in daily life, while others can live independently but still face challenges in specific areas, such as sensory processing or social interactions.

Examples of Behaviours Linked to Autism

  • A child might avoid eye contact, preferring solitary play and showing a fascination with spinning objects or repeating phrases (echolalia).
  • An adult might thrive in a specialised job that aligns with their intense interests but struggle with workplace small talk or sudden schedule changes.
  • A girl might be highly social in structured environments, masking her traits, but feel completely drained or experience meltdowns at home due to sensory or social overload.

High-Functioning Types of Autism

When discussing autism, some people refer to “mild” autism, often equating it with high-functioning autism or Asperger’s Syndrome. While this description might help simplify the conversation, it can also lead to misunderstandings about what “mild” really means.

Exploring High-Functioning Autism

High-functioning autism typically refers to individuals who can navigate daily life independently, with average or above-average intelligence and strong verbal skills. They may excel in areas of interest, display exceptional attention to detail, or demonstrate a unique perspective in problem-solving. However, challenges like social anxiety, difficulty interpreting non-verbal cues, and sensory sensitivities can still have a significant impact.

While the term “high-functioning” highlights certain strengths, it doesn’t fully account for the unseen struggles individuals may face, such as burnout from masking their traits or the emotional toll of navigating a neurotypical world.

Misconceptions About “Mild” Autism

Calling autism “mild” can sometimes dismiss the very real challenges an individual experiences. Just because someone appears outwardly capable doesn’t mean they aren’t struggling internally with sensory overload, anxiety, or communication difficulties. The term “mild” can also lead to a lack of necessary support, as it may downplay the need for accommodations or understanding.

For those who identify with high-functioning autism or a milder presentation of traits, it’s important to recognise that every autistic person’s experience is valid. Strengths and challenges coexist, and understanding both is crucial for creating a supportive environment where autistic individuals can thrive.

For many people, terms like “Asperger’s Syndrome” or “high-functioning autism” offer a way to describe a specific set of traits within the broader autism spectrum. While these terms are no longer used in official diagnostic criteria, they remain important to many individuals as a way to understand and communicate their experiences.

Understanding Asperger’s and Related Diagnoses

Asperger’s Syndrome was once considered a distinct diagnosis, describing individuals with average or above-average intelligence, strong verbal skills, and fewer delays in language development. People with Asperger’s often experience challenges in social interactions, such as understanding unspoken rules or recognising subtle social cues.

Today, Asperger’s Syndrome is included under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Similarly, the term “high-functioning autism” is often used informally to describe individuals who can manage daily life independently but may still face difficulties with social relationships, sensory sensitivities, or communication.

These labels can help provide clarity, but they don’t fully capture the complexity of an individual’s strengths, challenges, or support needs.

Traits, Strengths, and Challenges

Individuals with Asperger’s or high-functioning autism often have unique traits that shape their experiences.

  • Strengths: Many have intense focus and deep knowledge in their areas of interest, making them skilled problem-solvers and experts in their chosen fields. Their honesty, loyalty, and attention to detail can make them dependable friends and colleagues.
  • Challenges: Social situations may feel confusing or overwhelming, especially when unwritten rules or small talk are involved. Sensory sensitivities, such as discomfort with bright lights or loud noises, can also pose difficulties. Some may experience anxiety or burnout from masking their traits to fit societal expectations.

For autistic individuals who identify with Asperger’s or high-functioning autism, these terms can provide a sense of identity and understanding. At the same time, recognising that everyone’s needs and abilities are unique helps ensure that support is tailored to each person’s experience.

Understanding these types of autism highlights the importance of celebrating strengths while addressing challenges. With the right support and accommodations, individuals with Asperger’s or high-functioning autism can thrive in their personal and professional lives.

A Unique Yet Shared Experience

Every autistic individual is different, with a distinct mix of strengths and challenges. However, the presence of core difficulties in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours is what defines autism under the diagnostic criteria. These traits must cause significant impact on daily life to qualify for a diagnosis.

Understanding these shared traits helps highlight the commonalities within the spectrum, while recognising that no two autistic individuals are the same. Tailored support and understanding are key to helping each person navigate their unique journey.

Effective support starts by recognising that every autistic individual has a mix of abilities and difficulties. For some, sensory sensitivities may be the most pressing challenge, requiring adaptations to environments, like providing noise-cancelling headphones or creating calm, low-stimulation spaces. For others, social interaction might be a source of stress, and support could involve practising communication skills or helping them navigate social expectations. 

Strengths, such as intense focus, creativity, or problem-solving skills, should also be celebrated and leveraged. For example, an individual with a deep passion for technology could be encouraged to explore careers or hobbies that align with their interests. Recognising and building on these strengths can foster confidence and independence.

How Therapy, Including CBT, Can Help Autistic Individuals

Therapy can be a valuable resource for autistic individuals, offering tailored strategies to manage challenges and enhance quality of life. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), in particular, has been shown to help autistic people address issues like anxiety, depression, or difficulties with emotional regulation.

CBT works by helping individuals understand the connection between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. For example:

  • An autistic person struggling with anxiety in social settings might learn to identify negative thought patterns, such as “I’ll say something wrong and everyone will laugh,” and replace them with more constructive ones, like “Even if I make a mistake, most people will understand.”
  • Emotional regulation techniques, such as mindfulness or structured problem-solving, can be introduced to help manage meltdowns or shutdowns.

CBT can be adapted to suit the needs of autistic individuals. This might include using visual aids, simplifying language, or incorporating special interests into sessions to make the process more engaging and relatable.

Fostering a Supportive Environment

For parents, carers, educators, and employers, creating an inclusive environment is key. This might involve small changes, like giving clear instructions, allowing for sensory breaks, or being mindful of communication preferences. Encouraging open dialogue about needs and providing patience and understanding can make a world of difference.

Supporting individuals across the autism spectrum means recognising their uniqueness while addressing shared challenges. With tailored support, therapy, and an inclusive approach, autistic individuals can feel empowered to achieve their goals and live fulfilling lives.

Conclusion

Understanding the different types of autism helps to appreciate the unique experiences and challenges faced by autistic individuals across the spectrum. From childhood to adulthood, autism presents in diverse ways, influenced by individual traits, life stages, and external support. While no two autistic people are the same, shared characteristics such as differences in social communication, sensory sensitivities, and repetitive behaviours form the foundation of an autism diagnosis.

Whether you’re an autistic person seeking clarity about your experiences, a parent or carer supporting a loved one, or simply someone looking to better understand autism, recognising these variations is key to fostering empathy and providing effective support.

At Oxford CBT, we’re here to help. Our experienced team offers tailored therapy to address the unique needs of autistic individuals and their families. Using evidence-based approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), we can support autistic people in managing challenges such as anxiety, emotional regulation, and navigating social situations. We also work closely with parents and carers to equip them with strategies for creating a supportive and understanding environment.

If you’re ready to explore how we can help, don’t hesitate to reach out to Oxford CBT. Together, we can build a foundation of understanding, confidence, and support for a fulfilling and balanced life.

Resources

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

Author – Tom Murfitt

With over a decade’s experience in providing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Tom has worked in both the NHS and private sector to help adults and children to overcome a range of difficulties and improve their mental wellbeing. In addition to being an experienced CBT therapist, Tom is also an accredited Mindfulness teacher, providing courses locally, in businesses and schools. You can read more about us here.  

DISCLAIMER: The information provided in this article is intended for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The products and methods mentioned are not a substitute for professional medical advice from a trained healthcare specialist. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Use of the information and products discussed is at your own risk.

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